One objective of this report is to provide a reference on the levels and trends in under-five mortality, the coverage of evidence-based child and maternal survival interventions for individuals in need and the characteristics of health financing in South Sudan using relevant, population representative data sources. In addition, this paper examines patterns in access to health services associated with socio-demographic characteristics in order to help identify where gaps exist and where progress has been made. This research was developed as a background paper for the World Bank's South Sudan Poverty Assessment.